Sharaxaada Alaabta
Tuubooyinka birta ah ee Spiral, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno tuubooyinka qulqulka qulqulka leh ee arc-welded (HSAW), waa nooc ka mid ah tuubooyinka birta ee lagu garto habka wax soo saarka ee gaarka ah iyo sifooyinka qaabdhismeedka.Tuubooyinkan ayaa si weyn looga isticmaalaa warshado kala duwan iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay xooggooda, adkeysigooda, iyo la qabsigooda.Halkan waxaa ah sharaxaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan tuubooyinka birta ee wareega:
Habka wax-soo-saarka:Tuubooyinka birta ah ee Spiral-ka waxaa lagu soo saaraa hannaan gaar ah oo ku lug leh isticmaalka gariiradda fiilada birta ah.Xarigga ayaa ah mid aan dhaawac ahayn oo loo sameeyay qaab wareeg ah, ka dibna la alxanayo iyadoo la adeegsanayo farsamada alxanka (SAW) ee quusta.Habkani waxa uu keenayaa tollayn joogto ah oo helical ah oo dhererkeedu yahay tuubada.
Naqshadaynta Qaabdhismeedka:Tolitaanka helical ee tuubooyinka birta ah ee wareega ayaa bixiya awood asal ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa iyaga oo ku habboon u adkeysiga culeysyada sare iyo cadaadiska.Naqshadani waxay hubisaa qaybinta isku midka ah ee walbahaarka waxayna kor u qaadaysaa awoodda tuubada ee iska caabinta foorarsiga iyo qallooca.
Baaxadda Baaxadda:Tuubooyinka birta ah ee Spiral waxay ku yimaadaan dhexroor ballaaran (ilaa 120 Inch) iyo dhumucdooda, taas oo u oggolaanaysa dabacsanaan xagga codsiyada kala duwan.Waxay caadi ahaan ku heli karaan dhexroorka waaweyn marka loo eego noocyada kale ee tuubooyinka.
Codsiyada:Dhuumaha birta caarada ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa warshado kala duwan sida saliidda iyo gaasta, biyaha, dhismaha, beeraha, iyo horumarinta kaabayaasha.Waxay ku habboon yihiin codsiyada dhulka sare iyo dhulka hoostiisa labadaba.
Iska caabinta daxalka:Si loo wanaajiyo cimriga dheer, tuubooyinka birta ah ee wareega waxay inta badan maraan daawaynta ka hortagga daxalka.Kuwaas waxaa ka mid noqon kara dahaar gudaha iyo dibadda ah, sida epoxy, polyetylen, iyo zinc, kuwaas oo tuubooyinka ka ilaaliya walxaha deegaanka iyo walxaha daxalka ah.
Faa'iidooyinkaTuubooyinka birta caarada ah waxay bixiyaan faa'iidooyin dhowr ah, oo ay ku jiraan awoodda culeyska sare leh, waxtarka kharashka ee tuubooyinka dhexroorka weyn, sahlanaanta rakibidda, iyo caabbinta qallafsanaanta.Naqshaddooda helical waxay sidoo kale caawisaa biyo-mareen hufan.
Dheeraad ahVSWareeg:Tuubooyinka birta caarada ah ayaa laga soocaa tubooyinka dhaadheer ee alxanka leh habka wax soo saarkooda.Halka tubooyinka dhaadheer la sameeyay oo lagu alxanayo dhererka tuubada, tuubooyinka wareeggu waxay leeyihiin tollayn helical ah oo la sameeyay xilliga wax soo saarka.
Xakamaynta tayada:Nidaamyada wax-soo-saarka iyo ilaalinta tayada ayaa muhiim u ah soo saarista tubooyinka birta ah ee wareegsan.Halbeegyada alxanka, joomatari tuubada, iyo hababka tijaabinta si taxadar leh ayaa loola socdaa si loo hubiyo u hogaansanaanta heerarka warshadaha iyo qeexida.
Heerarka iyo Tilmaamaha:Tuubooyinka birta ah ee Spiral waxaa loo soo saaray si waafaqsan heerarka caalamiga ah iyo kuwa warshadaha gaarka ah sida API 5L, ASTM, EN, iyo kuwa kale.Heerarkan ayaa qeexaya sifooyinka walxaha, hababka wax soo saarka, iyo shuruudaha tijaabada.
Marka la soo koobo, tuubooyinka birta ee wareega ah ayaa ah xal la taaban karo oo waara oo loogu talagalay warshado kala duwan.Nidaamkooda wax-soo-saarka gaarka ah, xoogga asalka ah, iyo helitaankooda cabbirro kala duwan ayaa gacan ka geysta isticmaalkooda baahsan ee kaabayaasha, gaadiidka, tamarta, dhismaha dekedda iyo wax ka badan.Xulashada saxda ah, xakamaynta tayada, iyo tillaabooyinka ilaalinta daxalka ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaara hubinta waxqabadka muddada fog ee tuubooyinka birta wareega.
Tilmaamaha
API 5L: GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80 |
ASTM A252: GR.1, GR.2, GR.3 |
EN 10219-1: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
EN10210: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
ASTM A53/A53M: GR.A, GR.B |
EN 10217: P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, P265TR2 |
DIN 2458: St37.0, St44.0, St52.0 |
AS/NZS 1163: Fasalka C250, Fasalka C350, Fasalka C450 |
GB/T 9711: L175, L210, L245, L290, L320 , L360, L390 , L415, L450 , L485 |
ASTMA671: CA55/CB70/CC65, CB60/CB65/CB70/CC60/CC70, CD70/CE55/CE65/CF65/CF70, CF66/CF71/CF72/CF73, CG100/CH100/CI100/CJ10 |
Dhexroor (mm) | Dhumucda gidaarka (mm) | |||||||||||||||||||
6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | |
219.1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||||
273 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||||
323.9 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
325 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
355.6 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
377 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
406.4 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
426 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
457 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
478 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
508 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
529 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
630 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
711 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
720 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
813 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
820 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
920 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
1020 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
1220 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
1420 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
1620 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
1820kii | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
2020 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
2220 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
2500 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
2540 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
3000 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Dulqaadka Dhexroorka Dibadda iyo Dhumucda Darbiga
Heerka | Dulqaadka Jirka Dhuumaha | Dulqaadka Dhamaadka Dhuumaha | Dulqaadka Dhumucda gidaarka | |||
Dhexroor kabaxsan | Dulqaad | Dhexroor kabaxsan | Dulqaad | |||
GB/T3091 | OD≤48.3mm | ≤±0.5 | OD≤48.3mm | - | ≤±10% | |
48.3 | ≤±1.0% | 48.3 | - | |||
273.1 | ≤±0.75% | 273.1 | -0.8~+2.4 | |||
OD>508mm | ≤±1.0% | OD>508mm | -0.8~+3.2 | |||
GB/T9711.1 | OD≤48.3mm | -0.79~+0.41 | - | - | OD≤73 | -12.5% + 20% |
60.3 | ≤±0.75% | OD≤273.1mm | -0.4~+1.59 | 88.9≤OD≤457 | -12.5% + 15% | |
508 | ≤±1.0% | OD≥323.9 | -0.79~+2.38 | OD≥508 | -10.0%~+17.5% | |
OD>941mm | ≤±1.0% | - | - | - | - | |
GB/T9711.2 | 60 | ±0.75%D~±3mm | 60 | ±0.5%D~±1.6mm | 4mm | ±12.5%T~±15.0%T |
610 | ±0.5%D~±4mm | 610 | ±0.5%D~±1.6mm | WT≥25mm | -3.00mm + 3.75mm | |
OD>1430mm | - | OD>1430mm | - | - | -10.0%~+17.5% | |
SY/T5037 | OD<508mm | ≤±0.75% | OD<508mm | ≤±0.75% | OD<508mm | ≤± 12.5% |
OD≥508mm | ≤±1.00% | OD≥508mm | ≤±0.50% | OD≥508mm | ≤±10.0% | |
API 5L PSL1/PSL2 | OD <60.3 | -0.8mm + 0.4mm | OD≤168.3 | -0.4mm~+1.6mm | WT≤5.0 | ≤±0.5 |
60.3≤OD≤168.3 | ≤±0.75% | 168.3 | ≤±1.6mm | 5.0 | ≤±0.1T | |
168.3 | ≤±0.75% | 610 | ≤±1.6mm | T≥15.0 | ≤±1.5 | |
610 | ≤±4.0mm | OD>1422 | - | - | - | |
OD>1422 | - | - | - | - | - | |
API 5CT | OD <114.3 | ≤±0.79mm | OD <114.3 | ≤±0.79mm | ≤-12.5% | |
OD≥114.3 | -0.5% ilaa 1.0% | OD≥114.3 | -0.5% ilaa 1.0% | ≤-12.5% | ||
ASTM A53 | ≤±1.0% | ≤±1.0% | ≤-12.5% | |||
ASTM A252 | ≤±1.0% | ≤±1.0% | ≤-12.5% |
DN mm | NB Inji | OD mm | SCH40S mm | SCH5S mm | SCH10S mm | SCH10 mm | SCH20 mm | SCH40 mm | SCH60 mm | XS/80S mm | SCH80 mm | SCH100 mm | SCH120 mm | SCH140 mm | SCH160 mm | SCHXXS mm |
6 | 1/8" | 10.29 | 1.24 | 1.73 | 2.41 | |||||||||||
8 | 1/4” | 13.72 | 1.65 | 2.24 | 3.02 | |||||||||||
10 | 3/8" | 17.15 | 1.65 | 2.31 | 3.20 | |||||||||||
15 | 1/2” | 21.34 | 2.77 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.77 | 3.73 | 3.73 | 4.78 | 7.47 | ||||||
20 | 3/4” | 26.67 | 2.87 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.87 | 3.91 | 3.91 | 5.56 | 7.82 | ||||||
25 | 1” | 33.40 | 3.38 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.38 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 6.35 | 9.09 | ||||||
32 | 1 1/4" | 42.16 | 3.56 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.56 | 4.85 | 4.85 | 6.35 | 9.70 | ||||||
40 | 1 1/2" | 48.26 | 3.68 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.68 | 5.08 | 5.08 | 7.14 | 10.15 | ||||||
50 | 2” | 60.33 | 3.91 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.91 | 5.54 | 5.54 | 9.74 | 11.07 | ||||||
65 | 2 1/2" | 73.03 | 5.16 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.16 | 7.01 | 7.01 | 9.53 | 14.02 | ||||||
80 | 3” | 88.90 | 5.49 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.49 | 7.62 | 7.62 | 11.13 | 15.24 | ||||||
90 | 3 1/2" | 101.60 | 5.74 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.74 | 8.08 | 8.08 | ||||||||
100 | 4” | 114.30 | 6.02 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 6.02 | 8.56 | 8.56 | 11.12 | 13.49 | 17.12 | |||||
125 | 5” | 141.30 | 6.55 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 6.55 | 9.53 | 9.53 | 12.70 | 15.88 | 19.05 | |||||
150 | 6” | 168.27 | 7.11 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 7.11 | 10.97 | 10.97 | 14.27 | 18.26 | 21.95 | |||||
200 | 8” | 219.08 | 8.18 | 2.77 | 3.76 | 6.35 | 8.18 | 10.31 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 20.62 | 23.01 | 22.23 | |
250 | 10” | 273.05 | 9.27 | 3.40 | 4.19 | 6.35 | 9.27 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 25.40 | |
300 | 12” | 323.85 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.57 | 6.35 | 10.31 | 14.27 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 33.32 | 25.40 | |
350 | 14” | 355.60 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 11.13 | 15.09 | 12.70 | 19.05 | 23.83 | 27.79 | 31.75 | 35.71 | |
400 | 16” | 406.40 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 16.66 | 12.70 | 21.44 | 26.19 | 30.96 | 36.53 | 40.49 | |
450 | 18” | 457.20 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 14.27 | 19.05 | 12.70 | 23.83 | 29.36 | 34.93 | 39.67 | 45.24 | |
500 | 20” | 508.00 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 15.09 | 20.62 | 12.70 | 26.19 | 32.54 | 38.10 | 44.45 | 50.01 | |
550 | 22” | 558.80 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 22.23 | 12.70 | 28.58 | 34.93 | 41.28 | 47.63 | 53.98 | ||
600 | 24” | 609.60 | 9.53 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 17.48 | 24.61 | 12.70 | 30.96 | 38.89 | 46.02 | 52.37 | 59.54 | |
650 | 26” | 660.40 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||||
700 | 28” | 711.20 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||||
750 | 30” | 762.00 | 9.53 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||
800 | 32” | 812.80 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 12.70 | |||||||||
850 | 34” | 863.60 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 12.70 | |||||||||
900 | 36” | 914.40 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 19.05 | 12.70 | |||||||||
DN 1000mm iyo wixii ka sareeya Dhumucdiisuna waxay tahay gidaarka dhexroorka 25mm |
Heerka & Darajada
Heerka | Heerarka Birta |
API 5L: Tilmaamaha Dhuumaha Khadka | GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80 |
ASTM A252: Tilmaamaha caadiga ah ee Tusmada Tubooyinka Biraha ee Alxan iyo Aan Xun | GR.1, GR.2, GR.3 |
TS EN 10219-1 Qaab-dhismeedka qaab-dhismeed alxan oo qabow oo la sameeyay oo ah birta aan daawaha ahayn iyo kuwa fican | S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
TS EN 10210: Qaab-dhismeed Kulul oo Dhammaystiran Qaybaha Godan ee Aan Dabiiciga ahayn iyo Biraha Fiican | S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
ASTM A53/A53M: Dhuumaha, Birta, Madaw iyo Kulul-Masaydh, Zinc-Dahaarka leh, Alxanka ah | GR.A, GR.B |
TS EN 10217: Tuubooyinka birta ah ee alxanka leh ee ujeedooyinka cadaadiska | P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, P265TR2 |
DIN 2458: Dhuumaha Biraha ee Alxan iyo Tubooyinka | St37.0, St44.0, St52.0 |
AS/NZS 1163: Heerka Australiya/New Zealand ee Qaybaha Qaab-dhismeedka Birta Godan ee Qabow-sameeyay | Fasalka C250 , Fasalka C350, Fasalka C450 |
GB/T 9711: Warshadaha Shidaalka iyo Gaaska Dabiiciga ah - Dhuumaha Birta ee Dhuumaha | L175, L210, L245, L290, L320 , L360, L390 , L415, L450 , L485 |
AWWA C200: Dhuumaha Biyaha Birta 6 Inji (150 mm) iyo Ka Weyn | Birta Kaarboonka |
Habka wax-soo-saarka
Xakamaynta tayada
● Hubinta alaabta ceeriin
● Falanqaynta Kiimikada
● Tijaabada Makaanikada
● Kormeerka Aragga
● Hubinta cabbirka
● Tijaabada laablaab
● Tijaabada Saamaynta
● Baaritaanka Daxalka dhexdooda
● Imtixaanka Aan Burbursanayn (UT, MT, PT)
● Shahaadada Habka alxanka
● Falanqaynta qaab-dhismeedka yar yar
● Imtixaanka ololka iyo fiditaanka
● Tijaabada Adag
● Tijaabada Cadaadiska
● Tijaabada Saadaasha Hawada
● Baaritaanka Daxalka
● Eddy Imtixaanka Hadda
● Kormeerka rinjiyeynta iyo dahaarka
● Dib u eegista dukumeentiyada
Isticmaalka & Codsiga
Dhuumaha birta Spiral waa kuwo badan oo si ballaaran loo isticmaalo warshado kala duwan sababtoo ah sifooyinka iyo faa'iidooyinka gaarka ah.Waxay ku samaysan yihiin iyagoo si siman isku alxanaya xariijimaha birta si ay u abuuraan tuubo leh tol wareeg ah oo joogto ah.Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah codsiyada caadiga ah ee tuubooyinka birta ee wareega:
● Gaadiidka dareeraha ah: Tuubooyinkani waxay si hufan ugu dhaqaaqaan biyaha, saliidda, iyo gaasta masaafo dheer ee dhuumaha sababtoo ah dhismahoodu aan kala go' lahayn iyo xooggooda sare.
Saliidda iyo Gaaska: Waxay muhiim u yihiin warshadaha saliidda iyo gaaska, waxay qaadaan saliid cayriin, gaaska dabiiciga ah, iyo alaabada la safeeyey, iyagoo u adeegaya baahida sahaminta iyo qaybinta.
● Duubista: Dhismayaasha aasaasiga ah ee mashaariicda dhismaha waxay kaalmeeyaan culaysyada culus ee dhismayaasha sida dhismayaasha iyo buundooyinka.
● Isticmaalka Dhismeed: Ka shaqeeya dhismooyinka qaab-dhismeedka, tiirarka, iyo taageerada, cimrigoodu waxa uu gacan ka geystaa xasilloonida qaabdhismeedka.
● Guryaha iyo Biyo-baxa: Waxaa loo adeegsadaa hababka biyaha, iska caabbinta daxalka iyo gudaha gudaha ayaa ka hortagaya xirmidda waxayna kor u qaadaan socodka biyaha.
Tuubooyinka Makaanikada: Wax soo saarka iyo beeraha, tuubooyinkani waxay bixiyaan kharash-ku-ool ah, xalal adag oo loogu talagalay qaybaha.
● Badda iyo Badda: Deegaannada qallafsan, waxaa loo adeegsadaa dhuumaha biyaha hoostooda, meelaha bannaanka ah, iyo dhismooyinka jetty-ga.
● Macdanta: Waxay soo gudbiyaan agabka iyo qul-qulatooyinka hawl-gallada macdan qodista oo ay ugu wacan tahay dhismahooda adag.
Bixinta Biyaha: Waxay ku habboon tahay dhuumaha dhexroorka waaweyn ee nidaamyada biyaha, iyagoo si hufan u qaadaya mugga biyaha muhiimka ah.
● Nidaamyada Geotermal-ka: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa mashaariicda tamarta geothermal, waxay qabtaan wareejinta dareeraha kulaylka u adkeysata ee u dhexeeya kaydadka iyo dhirta korontada.
Dabeecadda isku dhafan ee tuubooyinka birta ah ee wareega, oo ay weheliso xooggooda, adkeysiga, iyo la qabsiga, ayaa ka dhigaya qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah warshadaha iyo codsiyada ballaaran.
Baakaynta & Rarista
Baakad:
Habka xirxira ee tubooyinka birta wareega ah waxay ku lug leedahay dhowr tillaabo oo muhiim ah si loo hubiyo in tuubooyinka si ku filan loo ilaaliyo inta lagu jiro gaadiidka iyo kaydinta:
● Isku-xidhka Tuubooyinka: Tuubooyinka birta ah ee wareega ah ayaa inta badan la isku xidhaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo xarkaha, birta, ama hababka kale ee lagu xidho.Isku dhufashada waxay ka hortagtaa tubooyinka gaarka ah inay dhaqaaqaan ama u wareegaan baakadda dhexdeeda.
● Ilaalinta Dhamaadka Tubooyinka: Koofiyadaha balaastikada ah ama daboolada ilaalinta ayaa la dhigaa labada daraf ee tubooyinka si looga hortago waxyeelo soo gaadho cidhifyada tuubooyinka iyo dusha gudaha.
● Biyo-ilaalinta: Tuubooyinka waxaa lagu duudduubay alaab aan biyuhu karin, sida baco ama duub, si looga ilaaliyo qoyaanka xilliga gaadiidka, gaar ahaan dibadda ama maraakiibta badda.
● Padding: Alaabta suufka dheeraadka ah, sida xumbo galinta ama alaabta barkinta, ayaa laga yaabaa in lagu daro tuubooyinka dhexdooda ama meelaha nugul si loo nuugo shoog iyo gariir.
● Calaamadeynta: Xirmado kasta waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay macluumaad muhiim ah, oo ay ku jiraan qeexida tuubooyinka, cabbirka, tirada, iyo meesha loo socdo.Tani waxay kaalmaynaysaa aqoonsiga iyo maaraynta fudud.
Rarida:
● Raritaanka tubooyinka birta ah ee wareegsan waxay u baahan yihiin qorshe taxaddar leh si loo hubiyo gaadiid badbaado leh oo hufan:
● Habka Gaadiidka: Doorashada qaabka gaadiidka (waddada, tareenada, badda, ama hawada) waxay ku xiran tahay arrimo ay ka mid yihiin masaafada, degdegga, iyo gelitaanka goobta.
• Weelasha: Tuubooyinka waxaa lagu shubi karaa weelasha maraakiibta caadiga ah ama weelal fidsan oo khaas ah.Weelku wuxuu ka ilaaliyaa tuubooyinka walxaha dibadda waxayna siisaa jawi la xakameeyey.
● Sugidda: Tuubooyinka waxaa lagu xafidaa weelasha dhexdeeda iyadoo la isticmaalayo hababka ku habboon ee la isku dhejiyo, sida xiridda, xannibaadda, iyo jeedalka.Tani waxay ka hortagtaa dhaqdhaqaaqa waxayna yaraynaysaa khatarta dhaawaca inta lagu jiro safarka.
● Dukumeenti: Dukumeenti sax ah, oo ay ku jiraan qaansheegyada, liisaska baakadaha, iyo cadaymaha rarida, ayaa loo diyaariyey kastamka nadiifinta iyo ujeedooyinka dabagalka.
Caymiska: Caymiska xamuulka waxaa badanaa la helaa si loo daboolo khasaaraha ama waxyeelada iman karta inta lagu jiro safarka.
● Kormeerka: Inta lagu jiro habka dhoofinta, tuubooyinka waxaa laga yaabaa in lala socdo iyadoo la isticmaalayo GPS iyo hababka raadraaca si loo hubiyo inay ku socdaan dariiqa saxda ah iyo jadwalka.
● Kastamka Kastamka: Dukumeenti sax ah ayaa la bixiyaa si loo fududeeyo nadiifinta kastamka ee dekedda ama xuduudka loo socdo.
Gabagabo:
Xiritaanka iyo raridda saxda ah ee tuubooyinka birta wareega ah ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah ilaalinta tayada iyo hufnaanta tuubooyinka inta lagu jiro gaadiidka.La socoshada hababka ugu wanagsan ee wershadaha waxay hubisaa in tuubooyinku ay ku gaadhaan meeshii ay u socdeen iyagoo ku sugan xaalad wanaagsan, diyaarna u ah rakibid ama habayn dheeraad ah.