1. Ujeeddo
Si loo mideeyo habka dahaadhka nikkelka ee aan korontada lahayn, xakamaynta xuduudaha, iyo shuruudaha tayada, iyadoo la hubinayo tayada dahaarka ee deggan oo buuxisa heerarka macaamiisha iyo kuwa caalamiga ah.
2. Baaxadda
Lagu dabaqi karo dahaarka nikkelka aan korontada lahayn ee birta kaarboonka, birta aan daxalka lahayn, iyo dahaarka naxaasta. Laguma dabaqi karo dahaarka magnesium, dahaarka titanium, ama habab kale oo gaar ah.
3. Tixraacyada Caadiga ah
- • GB/T 13913-2008 – Dahaarka dahaarka nikkel-fosfooraska ee otomaatiga ah
- • GB/T 6461-2002 - Qiimaynta muunadaha tijaabada ah iyo walxaha dahaarka birta iyo kuwa kale ee aan dabiiciga ahayn ee ku yaal walxaha birta ah ka dib tijaabada daxalka
- • ASTM B733-18 - Tilmaamaha Caadiga ah ee Dahaarka Nikkel-Fosfooraska ee Autocatalytic (Electroless)
- • ISO 4527:2003 - Dahaarka birta ah - Dahaarka dahaarka nikkel-fosfooraska ee otomaatiga ah (aan lahayn koronto)
- • GB/T 5270-2005 – Dahaarka birta ah ee ku yaal walxaha birta ah – Dahaarka Elektrolatka lagu shubay iyo kuwa kiimikada lagu shubay – Hababka tijaabada dhegdheg
4. Mabda'a Geedi socodka
Dahaadhka nikkelka ee aan korontada lahayn waa hab-raac kaydin kiimiko oo otomaatig ah kaas oo sodium hypophosphite uu yareeyo aayoonnada Ni²⁺ si uu u sameeyo dahaadh dahaar ah oo Ni-P ah.
Habka falcelinta:
- • Oksaydheynta Anodic: H₂PO₂⁻ + H₂O → H₂PO₃⁻ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
- • Dhimista Cathodic: Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
- • Kala-qaybsanaanta fosfooraska: H₂PO₂⁻ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → P + 2H₂O
Kala soocidda dahaarka iyadoo loo eegayo maadada fosfooraska:
| Nooca | Waxyaabaha ku jira fosfooraska |
| Hooseeya-P | 1–5% |
| Mid-P | 5–10% |
| Sare-P | 10–15% |
5. Socodka Hawsha
Kormeerka → Dufanka oo yaraada → Biyo raacin kulul → Biyo raacin socota → Biyo raacin → Biyo raacin → Biyo raacin → Biyo raacin → Biyo raacin DI → Dahaadhka aan korontada lahayn → Soo kabasho → Biyo raacin 3-marxal ah oo ka soo horjeeda socodka → Baxnaanin → Biyo raacin DI → Qallajin → Kormeer → Baakad
6. Qodobbada Muhiimka ah ee Habka
| Halbeegga | Kala duwanaanshaha xakamaynta | Faallooyin |
| Xoog-saarista Ni²⁺ | 8–12 g/L | Lagu taliyay 9–10 g/L |
| Sodiyam hypophosphite | 25–35 g/L | Saamiga molar iyo Ni²⁺: 2.5–3.5:1 |
| Walxaha isku dhafan (sodium citrate) | 30–40 g/L | Waxay dejisaa ayoonada nikkel |
| Kaydka (sodium acetate) | 15–25 g/L | Waxay ilaalisaa xasilloonida pH |
| qiimaha pH | 4.5–5.5 (Dhexdhexaad/sare-P) | Lagu hagaajiyay ammonia ama sodium carbonate |
| Heerkulka | 85–90℃ | Ugu Fiican 88±1℃ |
| Soo raraya | 0.5–1.5 dm²/L | Rarka sare wuxuu yareeyaa heerka dhigaalka |
| Heerka dhigaalka | 15–25 μm/saacaddii | Waxay hoos u dhacdaa marka qubayska la gabeeyo |
| Waqtiga | 15–60 daqiiqo | Iyadoo ku xiran dhumucda loo baahan yahay |
| Kacdoon | Hawada farsamada ama cadaadiska hooseeya | Dhaqdhaqaaqa ama wareegga shaqada ayaa lagula talinayaa |
| Sifeynta | Shaandheyn joogto ah, qiimeyn 5–10 μm ah | Waxay ka saartaa walxaha, waxayna ka hortagtaa in godku soo galo |
7. Tilmaamaha Badeecada & Awoodda Dahaarka
7.1 Cabbirka Cabbirka Shaqada
| Shay | Halbeegga |
| Cabbirka ugu badan | 1500 × 800 × 600 mm |
| Cabbirka ugu yar | 5 × 5 × 5 mm |
| Miisaanka ugu badan | 200 kg |
| Miisaanka ugu yar | 1 g |
7.2 Awoodda Dhumucda Dahaadhka
| Nooca | Kala duwanaanshaha dhumucda | Codsiga caadiga ah |
| Qaybaha saxda ah | 5–10 μm | Xargaha, xudunta waalka, qaybaha haydarooliga |
| Qaybaha caadiga ah | 10–50 μm | Qaybaha guud ee daxalka iyo xirashada u adkaysta |
| Dahaarka qaro weyn | 50–100 μm | Dayactirka xirashada, jawiyada daxalka daran |
Isku mid ahaanshaha: ±10% (qaybaha guud); ±15% (qaababka adag)
7.3 Sifooyinka Dahaarka
| Hantida | Sida-dahaaran | Kuleyl lagu daweeyay (400℃ × 1h) | Faallooyin |
| Adkaanta (HV) | ≥500 HV | ≥800 HV | Daaweynta kulaylku waxay kordhisaa adkaanta |
| Ku dhegga | ≤ Heerka 1aad (GB/T 5270) | — | Diiq ma jiro, jajab ma jiro |
| Tijaabada buufinta milixda (NSS, 5% NaCl, 35℃) | ≥24 saacadood (Dhexe-P) ≥72 saacadood (Sare-P) | — | Shuruudaha macaamiisha |
| Daloolada daloolsan | ≤1 dhibic/cm² | — | Badanaa ma daloolo ≥25 μm |
| Iska caabin | 50–100 μΩ·cm | 30–60 μΩ·cm | — |
Daaweynta kulaylka: 400℃ ± 10℃, 1 saac, hawo/foorno qabow.
8. Awoodda Wax Soo Saarka
| Shay | Awoodda |
| Mugga hal taangiga | 2–5 m³ |
| Miisaanka Dufcadda | 500–1500 kg |
| Awoodda maalinlaha ah | 3–8 tan |
| Awoodda bishiiba | 80–200 tan |
Fiiro gaar ah: Awoodda dhabta ah waxay ku xiran tahay joomatari, dhumuc, iyo gabowga qubeyska.
9. Kormeerka Tayada
9.1 Shayada Kormeerka
| Shay | Habka | Soo noqnoqoshada | Shuruudaha aqbalaadda |
| Dhumucda | XRF / mikroskoob bir ah | ≥3 dhibcood kulan kasta dufcad kasta | Sawirka kulanka; horumarinta ugu badan ≤10% |
| Adkaanta | Hardness-ka HV0.1 | Hal mar shaqo kasta | ≥500 HV (sida loogu dahaadhay); ≥800 HV (HT) |
| Ku dhegga | Faylka/laab/isgoysyada+cajalad | 1 gabal dufcaddiiba | Heerka ≤1, diirka ma jiro |
| Muuqaalka | Iftiinka muuqaalka (caadiga ah) | 100% | Iftiin isku mid ah; cillado ma jiraan |
| Buufin cusbo leh | NSS 5% NaCl, 35℃ | Dufcaddii/beddelkiiba | Dhexdhexaad-P ≥24 saacadood; Sare-P ≥72 saacadood |
| Waxyaabaha ku jira fosfooraska | EDS / kiimiko | Qubeyska toddobaadlaha ah / cusub | 1–5% / 5–10% / 10–15% |
9.2 Kala-soocidda Muuqaalka
| Fasal | Sharaxaad |
| Darajada A | Iftiin/dhalaal isku mid ah, oo aan lahayn cillado |
| Fasalka B | Biyo yar/calaamaddo sagxad ah, godad/diiqid la'aan |
| Fasalka C | Kala duwanaansho midab/dabacsanaan yar, shaqeyn fiican |
| Diid | Duufitaan, diirid, ka boodid dahaadhka, gubasho, farqi midab oo daran |
10. Xal u helidda dhibaatooyinka
| Dhibaato | Sababta suurtagalka ah | Xalka |
| Ku dhegid liidata | Dufan-qubin/qajarin aan dhammaystirnayn; firfircooni aan ku filnayn | Hagaaji daaweynta kahor; kordhi firfircoonida |
| Qallafsanaan/qallafsanaan | Walxaha qubayska; pH sare ayaa soo daadanaya | Kordhi shaandhaynta (5 μm); pH hoose |
| Dahaadh cawlan/cawlan | Ni²⁺/hypophosphite hooseeya; pH/heerkulka hooseeya | Ku dar kiimikooyin; pH 4.8–5.2; kuleyl ilaa 88℃ |
| Ka bood dahaadhka | Nadaafad deegaan; saliid/oksaydh haraaga ah | Hagaaji firfircoonida; dib u shiid dufanka |
| Heerka dhigaalka oo hooseeya | Heerkul hoose/Ni²⁺/yareeye; pH ka hooseeya; qubeyska duugoobay | Kuleyli ilaa 88–90℃; hagaaji pH; dib u cusboonaysii qubeyska |
| Kala-baxa qubeyska | Kulayl xad dhaaf ah; pH sare; ku darid degdeg ah; rarid hoose | Jooji kuleylinta; pH-ga hooseeya; qubeyska khafiifka ah |
11. Badbaadada
- • Qalabka ilaalinta difaaca jirka (PPE): galoofyada aashitada/alkali, muraayadaha indhaha, maro-gashi, qalabka neefsashada (ammonia/asiidh).
- • Kaydinta kiimikada: Kala sooc nikkel sulfate, hypophosphite, asiidhyada, alkali; ka fogow kulaylka/yareeyayaasha.
- • Mamnuucyada: Ha isku qasin asiidh conc. + hypophosphite (phosphine sun ah). Marka hore ku mil biyo DI ah.
- • Hawo-qaadis: Qiiqa deegaanka ee ka sarreeya haamaha (ka saarista haydarojiin).
- • Gurmad: Indhaha dhaq, qubeys, budo qalalan/damiye CO₂, neef-qabatin, qalab daadanaya.
12. Ilaalinta Deegaanka
- • Biyaha wasakhda ah: Biyaha wasakhda ah ee kala go'an; pH-ga soo da'aya 9–10 + PAC/PAM; Ni <0.5 mg/L.
- • Qashinka khatarta ah: Qubeyska la isticmaalay, shaandheeyayaasha, firfircoonayaasha, wasakhda Ni - qashin-qubka shatiga leh oo leh calaamado.
- • Qiiqa: Hawo-qaadis joogto ah; la soco ammonia/haydarojiin halkii GB 16297.
- • Tamarta/biyaha: Taangiyada dahaarka ku dahaaran; biyo raacinta ka soo horjeedka socodka; dib u buuxinta xooggan.
13. Halabuurka Qubeyska (Fosfooraska Dhexe, Qaybaha Guud)
| Kiimiko | Xoog-saarid | Shaqada |
| NiSO₄·6H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Cusbo weyn, isha Ni²⁺ |
| NaH₂PO₂·H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Wakiilka yaraynta, isha P |
| Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O | 30–40 g/L | Wakiilka isku dhafan |
| CH₃COONa·3H₂O | 15–25 g/L | Bareegga pH |
| Aashitada lactic/propionic | 5–10 mL/L | Dardar-geliyaha |
| Xasiliye (thiourea) | 1–2 mg/L | Waxay ka hortagtaa burburka |
Qurxinta:
1. Ku milmi NiSO₄, citrate, acetate 1/3 biyo DI ah, 60℃.
2. Ku milmi hypophosphite + lactic acid 1/3 kale.
3. Isku dar, buuxi mugga, pH 4.8–5.2.
4. Ku dar xasiliyaha, kuleyli ilaa 88℃, shaandhee, saxan tijaabo ah.
14. Awoodda Qalabka & Kormeerka
14.1 Qalabka ugu Muhiimsan
| Qalabka | Faahfaahinta |
| Taangiga dahaadhka | Dahaarka PP/PVC, la kululeeyay, xakamaynta heerkulka |
| Sifeynta | Bamka u adkaysta aashitada + hoyga, 5–10 μm, 1–3×/saacaddii |
| Xakamaynta heerkulka | PID, ±1℃ |
| Foornada qalajinta | Hawo kulul, 60–120℃ |
| Nadiifiyaha Ultrasonic-ka | 40 kHz, awood la hagaajin karo |
| biyaha DI | ≥10 MΩ·cm |
14.2 Qalabka Kormeerka
| Qalabka | Saxnaanta/Heerka |
| Dhumucda XRF | 0–200 μm, ±0.1 μm |
| Adagaanshaha Micro-adag | 10–1000 gf, GB/T 4340.1 |
| Qolka buufinta milixda | GB/T 10125, ≥200 L |
| Mikroskoobka Metalographic | 100–1000×, micrometer |
| Mitirka pH | ±0.02, magdhowga heerkulka |
| Isu dheelitirka falanqaynta | 0.01 g |
15. Dukumentiyada iyo Raad-raaca
- •Diiwaanka wax soo saarka:Lambarka qaybta, tirada, heerkulka, pH, waqtiga, dhumucda, hawlwadeenka.
- •Qoriga qubeyska:Ni²⁺ maalinle ah, hypophosphite, pH; ku darid; shaandheyn/nadiifin.
- •Diiwaanka kormeerka:Dhumuc, adkaansho, dhegdheg, muuqaal, buufin milix ah.
- •Dayactirka:Hagaajinta, dayactirka bamka, dejinta biyaha, hubinta marawaxadaha (rubuc-biloodle).
Haynta:≥3 sano (≥10 sano oo loogu talagalay baabuurta/caafimaadka). Waxaa laga raadraaci karaa wareegga dufcadda/qubeyska.
16. Qodobbada Dheeraadka ah
- • Waxaa dib u eegis ku sameeya Waaxda Farsamada sannad kasta.
- • Shuruudaha gaarka ah ee macaamiisha (buufinta milixda, adkaanta, qaybinta, H-embrittlement) waa la diiwaangeliyey oo la raacay.
- • Badeecooyin cusub: Tijaabo yar marka hore; wax soo saar ballaaran ka dib marka la dhammeeyo dhammaan imtixaannada.
- • Xakamaynta wax soo saarka iyo baaritaanka macaamiisha.
Taariikhda Dib-u-eegista
| Rev | Taariikh | Waxyaabaha dib u eegista | Waxaa ansixiyay |
| V1.0 | 2024-xx-xx | Siideynta hore | — |
| V2.0 | 2026-04-30 | Dib-u-eegis dhammaystiran oo Ingiriisi keliya ah | — |
Waqtiga boostada: Maajo-18-2026